Monday, December 30, 2019

Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1868 Words

In the nineteenth century gothic novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses numerous allusions within her novel that can easily be interpreted by the reader. These allusions make it easier for readers to understand the characters and compare their circumstances throughout the story. The most significant and most used was from John Milton’s epic Paradise Lost. â€Å"†¦Paradise Lost stands alone in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries atop the literary hierarchy, and Milton’s epic is clearly rooted in the history of Puritanism and in the bourgeois ideal of the individual, the ‘concept of the person as a relatively autonomous self-contained and distinctive universe’† (Lamb 305). This book has numerous parallels that readers can easily interpret to Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein and his monster can both be identified with several characters from Paradise Lost. Among these characters are Adam, Eve, Satan, and God. Paradise Lost is even mentioned in chapter 15 after the monster that Victor creates reads the epic as if it was a history book. The Creature explains to Frankenstein, â€Å"But Paradise Lost excited different and far deeper emotions. I read it, as I had read the other volumes which had fallen into my hands, as a true history. It moved every feeling of wonder and awe that the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of exciting† (Shelley 116). He is able to relate himself and the situations that he goes through in his life to this epic. Shelley’s use ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa whole and how accurate a depiction they might think it to be, they will miss out on many of the qualities of the painting that reside below the immediately apparent surface level. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a text dedicated to expounding upon the dangers of such superficial analysis. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley openly condemns the surface level and appearance oriented methodology under which the human mind operates. The very protagonist of the novel is inspired solely by reputation and howRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1758 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to literature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she andRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanityRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Frankenstein1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompassion and sympathy through the love of a person whom cares very deeply about them. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the three main characters Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein (The Monster) are shown throughout the story, longing and in search for a companion. Throughout the story, the characters struggle with the battle of wanting either sympathy or compassion from a person or both. Mary Shelley shows the true indication of Human Nature by showing the importance of sympathy andRead MoreAnalysis of Mary Shelley ´s Frankenstein991 Words   |  4 Pagesalive. If it can learn, eventually speak, or came about because of another, it’s a person. The Creature of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is no exception. Victor’s creation needs nourishment, education, and morals, which should be provided by it’s creator, it’s parent, just like any other child. The way that needs of an individual are met shapes the outcome of their life. In her novel, Shelley demonstrates this impact that parents have on their child’s life through the contrasting upbringing of VictorRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1701 Words   |  7 Pages Frankenstein is a novel that is practically devoid of any female presence, yet author Mary Shelley pens a story that is lush with portrayals of feminine ideology. Throughout the course of this novel, the audience is introduced to three different female characters. The first is Elizabeth Lavenza— Victor Frankenstein’s wife. She is presented as a passive and weak woman who embodies the traditional role of women in the 19th century. Caroline Beaufort is present in the novel, but her role is limitedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1038 Words   |  5 PagesAlexi Torres English III Dr. W.W. Allman December 1, 2015 Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s, Frankenstein, she shows that good people can turn evil, but are not born this way. Humans being rude and isolating someone can make a person go insane and do things they are not proud of. Shelley shows this through the creature that Frankenstein creates and gives examples showing his evilness, but also shows that the creature tries to explain many times that he wants a friend and cannot find one becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1088 Words   |  5 PagesCreature’s Argument In the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the Creature s only need is for a female companion, which he asks Victor Frankenstein his maker to create. Shelley shows the argument between the creature and Frankenstein. The creature says: I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself (Shelley 139). Shelley shows what the creature wants from Frankenstein and what his needs are. Shelley gives us an idea of the sympathy that Frankenstein might feel for the creature evenRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wretch Frankenstein is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley about a peculiar scientist named Victor Frankenstein. Victor, who is a scientist endeavoring to make history, engenders a monstrous but attentive creature in an eccentric scientific experiment. The monster that he engenders faces abnegation and fear from his creator and society. The monster is the worst kind of scientific experiment gone awry. The creature has compassion for society but additionally wants to take revenge on Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1868 Words Another illustration of the need of equality can be seen in the Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein in which the protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, spends his time in college reviving a corpse. Throughout the novel, the Monster is judged and is awfully mistreated based on his looks. For example, when the Monster tries to attain food by entering a hut, â€Å"the children [shriek]†¦[as] some [villagers] attack [him]† (Shelley 74). Due to the Monster’s appearances, the whole village immediately believes he was evil, which provokes them to attack. This is unfair treatment because the Monster was not even looking for a fight. Hence, this mistreatment validates that there is a need for equality regardless of one’s appearances. Nevertheless the monster†¦show more content†¦Because the Monster has the ability to empathize with the struggle of being impoverished, he decides to attain his own food. Despite of his monstrous appearances, he still possesses characteristics of selfless and benevolence, and therefore, it is morally wrong that he is being judged for his appearance. In retrospect, the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley represents the characteristic of Romanticism in which there is a need for equality whether it be in terms of gender or appearance. Furthermore, Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is also a Romantic literary work that includes the theme of individualism. The protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, and the Monster exemplify this theme. For instance, after meeting his chemistry professor, Frankenstein exclaims, â€Å"‘I will pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation’† (Shelley 28). As eager as Curious George, Frankenstein is excited to learn and discover beyond the limits of mankind as well as revealing the secrets of the universe. The use of â€Å"I† plays a dominant role in individualism since, in this case, it refers to one ’s personalized passion, determination and control. Evidently, he is determined to complete his new profound project that is different from the typical science experimentation. The term â€Å"pioneer† is associated with travelers who have endured rough obstacles and long, painstaking journeys, which are hintedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa whole and h ow accurate a depiction they might think it to be, they will miss out on many of the qualities of the painting that reside below the immediately apparent surface level. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a text dedicated to expounding upon the dangers of such superficial analysis. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley openly condemns the surface level and appearance oriented methodology under which the human mind operates. The very protagonist of the novel is inspired solely by reputation and howRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1758 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to literature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she andRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanityRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Frankenstein1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompassion and sympathy through the love of a person whom cares very deeply about them. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the three main characters Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein (The Monster) are shown throughout the story, longing and in search for a companion. Throughout the story, the characters struggle with the battle of wanting either sympathy or compassion from a person or both. Mary Shelley shows the true indication of Human Nature by showing the importance of sympathy andRead MoreAnalysis of Mary Shelley ´s Frankenstein991 Words   |  4 Pagesalive. If it can learn, eventually speak, or came about because of another, it’s a person. The Creature of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is no exception. Victor’s creation needs nourishment, education, and morals, which should be provided by it’s creator, it’s parent, just like any other child. The way that needs of an individual are met shapes the outcome of their life. In her novel, Shelley demonstrates this impact that parents have on their child’s life through the contrasting upbringing of VictorRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1701 Words   |  7 Pages Frankenstein is a novel that is practically devoid of any female presence, yet author Mary Shelley pens a story that is lush with portrayals of feminine ideology. Throughout the course of this novel, the audience is introduced to three different female characters. The first is Elizabeth Lavenza— Victor Frankenstein’s wife. She is presented as a passive and weak woman who embodies the traditional role of women in the 19th century. Caroline Beaufort is present in the novel, but her role is limitedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1038 Words   |  5 PagesAlexi Torres English III Dr. W.W. Allman December 1, 2015 Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s, Frankenstein, she shows that good people can turn evil, but are not born this way. Humans being rude and isolating someone can make a person go insane and do things they are not proud of. Shelley shows this through the creature that Frankenstein creates and gives examples showing his evilness, but also shows that the creature tries to explain many times that he wants a friend and cannot find one becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1088 Words   |  5 PagesCreature’s Argument In the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the Creature s only need is for a female companion, which he asks Victor Frankenstein his maker to create. Shelley shows the argument between the creature and Frankenstein. The creature says: I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself (Shelley 139). Shelley shows what the creature wants from Frankenstein and what his needs are. Shelley gives us an idea of the sympathy that Frankenstein might feel for the creature evenRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wretch Frankenstein is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley about a peculiar scientist named Victor Frankenstein. Victor, who is a scientist endeavoring to make history, engenders a monstrous but attentive creature in an eccentric scientific experiment. The monster that he engenders faces abnegation and fear from his creator and society. The monster is the worst kind of scientific experiment gone awry. The creature has compassion for society but additionally wants to take revenge on

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Gertrude and Ophelia - 1014 Words

For many years, in the older eras, women had always been categorized as insignificant, and worthless. Because of this, women were forced to conform to the stereotype of depending on men, and were subjected to what the men said. William Shakespeare demonstrates this in the play Hamlet. The women are portrayed to deserve their fate because of their inability to be independent and their ability to be easily influenced. In the play, Shakespeare demonstrates that both Gertrude and Ophelia deserve their fate. The women deserve their fate because of their inability to be independent. Polonius instructs Ophelia to be aware of her shallow emotions and to display herself as more valuable by not responding to Hamlets every command. When Polonius†¦show more content†¦Both Gertrude and Ophelia were influenced by love. As Hamlet is talking to Gertrude, he wants her to see how horrible she has been and make her face the facts. Gertrude pleads, O Hamlet, speak no more: Thou turn’st mine eyes into my very soul, And there I see such black and grained spots As will not leave their tinct. (3.4.90-93) Gertrude fools herself by thinking everything she has done is justified because of Claudius who influenced her thoughts. She needs Hamlet to show her all the wrong she has done, she cannot realize herself. While Hamlet and the Ghost of Hamlet’s father are talking, Hamlet’s father talks about Gertrude, With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts,- O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power So to seduce!-won to his shameful lust The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen; O Hamlet, what a falling-off was there! From me, whose love was of that dignity That it went hand in hand even with the vow I made to her in marriage; and to decline Upon a wretch, whose natural gifts were poor To those of mine! (1.5.44-53) Claudius seduced Gertrude easily because of his ‘power’. Claudius manipulated her and his traits are not of any quality. Gertrude and Ophelia are easily impressionable, and were easily used to others’ advantages, proving their presence invaluable. It is demonstrated that both Gertrude and Ophelia deserve their fate throughout the play. The women deserve their fate because of their inability to beShow MoreRelatedEssay A Comparison of Hamlet’s Gertrude and Ophelia 2574 Words   |  11 PagesHamlet’s Gertrude and Ophelia      Ã‚  Ã‚   Queen Gertrude and Ophelia, the main female characters in Shakespeare’s dramatic tragedy Hamlet, have a variety of personal qualities and experiences in common. This essay, with the help of literary critics, will explore this commonality. In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington enlightens the reader regarding the similarities between Gertrude and Ophelia as the hero sees them: Yet to Hamlet, Ophelia is noRead More Hamlet Essay: Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia3265 Words   |  14 PagesComparison of Gertrude and Ophelia      Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though at opposite ends of the courtly society in the halls of Elsinore, the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia in Shakespeare’s Hamlet have much in common. This essay intends to explore that commonality.    Howard Felperin in his essay â€Å"O’erdoing Termagant† illustrates one point of similarity between these two female characters – they are both recipients of Hamlet’s ill-will. Here he describes Hamlet’s verbal attack on Gertrude in the closetRead MoreHamlet ´s Treatment of Ophelia and Gertrude Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship with Gertrude and Ophelia is quick to fall apart after he learns key information about his parentage. Both Gertrude and Ophelia provide him with love but are absent at a time when he needs it most; during the reign of his madness. Hamlets madness is partly evident due to his poor relationship with Gertrude and Ophelia, since they falsely love him then reject him by moving on with their lives. Both females have heavily contributed to the misogyny Hamlet develops. Ophelia and Gertrude disappointRead MoreThe Female Characters Of Ophelia And Gertrude Within The Text1612 Words   |  7 PagesThis analysis of Hamlet will focus on the female characters of Ophelia and Gertrude within the text. Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius, she is a kind, sweet natured girl of who Hamlet has fallen in love with. However, due to the control of both her father and brother Laertes, has been convinced that she should spy on young Hamlet as to what his intentions are. Whereas, Gertrude is a shadowy character with little involvement in the text; it is seen as though she has to live through Claudius inRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia Essay3031 Words   |  13 PagesHamlet -- Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia      Ã‚  Ã‚   Gertrude and Ophelia occupy the leading roles for females in the Shakespearean drama Hamlet. As women they share many things in common: attitudes from others, shallow or simple minds and outlooks, etc. This essay will delve into what they have in common. The protagonist’s negative attitude toward both women is an obvious starting point. John Dover Wilson explains in What Happens in Hamlet how the prince holds both of the women in disgust:Read More Hamlet Essay: The Unlike Characters of Gertrude and Ophelia3420 Words   |  14 PagesHamlet -- the Unlike Characters of Gertrude and Ophelia      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet features two ladies who are very unlike in character. Queen Gertrude, denounced by the ghost as faithless to King Hamlet, is pictured as evil by many, while Ophelia is seen as pure and obedient and full of good virtues. Let’s explore these two unlike people.    Rebecca Smith in â€Å"Scheming Adulteress or Loving Mother† presents an unusually â€Å"clean† image of the present queen that is not consistentRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet, Prince Of Denmark, Gertrude And Ophelia1514 Words   |  7 PagesKaaiz Rana Timothy McNeil ENG 95 S 17th June 2016 Ophelia Verses Gertrude In the play â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark†, Gertrude and Ophelia share similar characteristics. Gertrude is the queen of Denmark and also the mother to hamlet, and Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius, sister to Laertes and hamlet’s love. As a mother it is a maternal instinct to be loving, kind, caring and be there for your child during times of strife and joy. In contrast, a girlfriend or partner is also someoneRead More Comparing Gertrude and Ophelia of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet features two female characters in main roles, Ophelia and Gertrude. They are similar in a surprising number of ways. This essay proposes to elucidate the reader on their likeness or similarity.    It is quite obvious that both Gertrude and Ophelia are both motivated by love and a desire for quiet familial harmony among the members of their society in Elsinore. Out of love for her son does Gertrude advise:Read More Custom Written Essays: A Comparison of Hamlets Gertrude and Ophelia1938 Words   |  8 PagesA  Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia  of Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Gertrude and Ophelia occupy the leading roles for females in the Shakespearean drama Hamlet. As women they share many things in common: attitudes from others, shallow or simple minds and outlooks, etc. This essay will delve into the various facets of what they hold in common.    John Dover Wilson explains in What Happens in Hamlet how the prince holds both of the women in disgust:    The exclamation â€Å"Frailty thy name is womanRead More Custom Written Essays: Contrasting Gertrude and Ophelia of Shakespeares Hamlet1951 Words   |  8 Pagescharacters? And yet, not all critics agree on even the most salient features of this contrast.    Quite opposite the criminality of the king’s wife is the innocence of Ophelia – this view is generally expressed among Shakespearean critics. Jessie F. O’Donnell expresses the total innocence of the hero’s girlfriend in â€Å"Ophelia,† originally appearing in The American Shakespeare Magazine:    O broken lily! how shall one rightly treat of her loveliness, her gentleness and the awful pathos of

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Transurethral Resection Of The Prostate Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

BPH is thought to be caused by aging and by long-run testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) production, although their precise functions are non wholly clear. Histopathologic grounds of BPH is present in about 8 % of work forces in their 4th decennary and in 90 % of work forces by their 9th decennary. Loss of testosterone early in life prevents the development of BPH. We will write a custom essay sample on Transurethral Resection Of The Prostate Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The similarities in presentation, pathological scrutiny findings, and symptoms of BPH among indistinguishable twins suggest a familial influence. The mean prostatic weighs about 20 gms by the 3rd decennary and remains comparatively changeless in size and weight unless BPH develops. The typical patient with BPH has a prostate that averages 33 gms while merely 4 % of the male population of all time develops prostates of 100 gms or more.6Classic symptoms of BPH include a slow, intermittent, or weak urinary watercourse ; the esthesis of uncomplete vesica voidance ; dual elimination ( the demand to invalidate within a few seconds or proceedingss of urinating ) ; postvoid dribble ; urinary frequence ; and nycturias. Patients may besides show with ague or chronic urinary keeping, urinary piece of land infections, gross haematuria, nephritic inadequacy, vesica hurting, a tangible abdominal mass, or overflow incontinence.7Upon physical scrutiny, the vesica may be tangible during the abdominal scrutiny and the prostate may be enlarged during the digital rectal scrutiny. Symptoms are non needfully relative to the size of the prostate on digital rectal scrutiny or transrectal ultrasound findings.8The transurethral resection of the prostate is a well safe process, and has efficaciously replaced unfastened prostatectomy in bulk of cases.9Various clinical manifestations produced due to the soaking up of big measures of watering fluid during endourological processs are together called as TURP Syndrome, though the syndrome is characteristically described during Trans urethral resection of prostate ( TURP ) in up to 20 % of patients.10TURP syndrome is characterized by dyspnea, sickness, high blood pressure, increased cardinal venous force per unit area, intellectual hydrops, cardiogenic daze and nephritic failure.11Dilutional hyponatremia, H2O poisoning and ammonium hydroxide toxicities have been postulated as the cause of TURP syndrome. Acute hyponatremia with blood Na concentration below 115-120meqL could be potentially serious to patient.12 Therefore, after reexamining literature and dire demand, the present survey was conducted at private infirmary of Hyderabad. The current survey focused on the hyponatremia during transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) . This survey provides the cognition, thought and protocols that have an of import function in the direction parametric quantities of patient undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) . Patients AND METHODS: This cross sectional type descriptive survey was conducted at a private apparatus ( infirmary ) , Hyderabad and at third attention infirmary attached with Ghulam Muhammad Maher Medical College Sindh, Pakistan from June 2009 to November 2009. All patients above 45-75 old ages of age present with history of urinary frequence, urgency, urgency incontinency, invalidating at dark, weak urinary watercourse, hesitance, intermittence, through out-of-door patient section ( OPD ) of the infirmary, were diagnosed as benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) and planned for TURP were evaluated and enrolled in the survey. The item history of all such patients was taken ; complete clinical scrutiny and everyday probe were performed. An informed consent was taken from all patients holding benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) and planned for TURP. All such patients were assessed for serum Na degree preoperatively every bit good as postoperatively by taking 3cc venous blood sample and send to research lab for analysis. The fluctuation in the value of serum Na degree was estimated harmonizing to their parametric quantities and mention scope i.e. 135 mmol/L – 145 mmol/L ( normal ) , whereas the value lt ; 135 mmol/L and gt ; 145 mmol/L was considered as disturbed i.e. hyponatremia and hypernatremia, severally. The information was collected on pre-designed proforma. Sing ethical justification all the disbursals of this survey was paid by valuable part of whole research squad. The non concerted patients or who refused to take part in the survey, the patients who are already on diuretic therapy, the patients with diarrhoea or emesis, known instances of nephritic failure, congestive cardiac failure and liver cirrhosis were considered in exclusion standards. The informed consent was taken from every patient or from attender of patients after full account of process sing the survey, and all such manoeuvres were under medical moralss. The information was entered, saved and analyzed in SPSS version 10.00. The mean and standard divergence was calculated for age and serum Na degree. The frequence and per centum of Na degree in TURP was besides calculated. The independent t trial was applied to compares the agencies of serum Na preoperatively every bit good as postoperatively at 95 % assurance interval and the P values a†°Ã‚ ¤ 0.05 was considered as statistically important. Transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) is complicated by soaking up of irrigation fluid of about 1000 milliliter and on occasion 3000-5000 milliliter. This soaking up may ensue in hypervolaemia and serum electrolyte perturbations, clinically showing as the TURP-syndrome with neurologic and cardiovascular disturbances.14In our survey we identified hyponatremia in patients underwent for transurethral resection of the prostate ( TURP ) and it is similar with the survey by Miyao et al.15Water poisoning with hyponatremia has been postulated as the primary cause for the generation of TURP syndrome. In present survey the important alteration in Na degrees was noted which was independent of the type of watering fluid ( 1.5 % glycine or unfertile H2O ) used for the process ; nevertheless Moskovitz et Al, demonstrates no any important electrolyte alterations when distilled H2O used for irrigation.16The safety for distilled H2O is besides reported by Shih et al,17 A survey by Norlen, et Al on â€Å" comparing between intermittent and uninterrupted transurethral resection of the prostate † besides have confirmed that more the tallness of fluid used larger is the fluctuation of Na levels.18Hahnaˆ? RG presented a new hypothesis that the soaking up of watering fluid into the blood during transurethral resection of the prostate is associated with diffusion of Na ions from the interstitial fluid infinite into the plasma, some of this Na is â€Å" trapped † and removed from the organic structure in connexion with hemorrhage and elimination of piss, the sum of at bay Na increased with the sum of blood lost and two tierces was trapped with the plasma loss and one-third with the osmotic diuresis. This mechanism contributes to the absolute loss of Na from the body.19The entire Na loss, nevertheless, histories for one tierce of the maximal hyponatraemia and is still dominated by the plasma-derived Na excreted during the glycine-induced osmotic diuresis. Th e consequences of survey by Shariat, et Al had slightly different presentation that no statistically important alterations were reported in the serum electrolytes, blood urea N, creatinine, and haematocrit and the most common complications were hypotension ( 8.3 % ) , high blood pressure ( 7.8 % ) , sickness ( 6.4 % ) , and purging ( 2.8 % ) . Hyponatremia, decreased haematocrit, and increased blood urea N / creatinine were seldom reported ( 2.5, 1.0, and 0.9 % , severally ) .20However, sing the complications our survey noticed high blood pressure in 14 ( 35 % ) patients, sickness in 28 ( 70 % ) patients, purging in 30 ( 75 % ) of patients and concern in 10 ( 25 % ) patients. It is really hard to avoid happening of electrolyte perturbation during TURP, the best bar could be obtained by following a right surgical technique. Procedures enduring for more than 60 proceedingss and prostate secretory organs weighing more than 60 gms could be associated with more complications. The present survey evaluated the serum electrolyte perturbations i.e. hyponatremia during TURP, the current survey open a forum of treatment and provides an initial reappraisal and alterations observed during TURP process. The survey should be continued in progress and drawn-out stage at different clinical apparatuss to supply more cognition sing electrolyte alterations during transurethral resection of the prostate. Decision: Our survey identified the lessening in serum Na degree ( hyponatremia ) during transurethral resection of the prostate and emphasized on appropriate step to forestall serious and fatal complications. The preoperative degrees of Na should be estimated and effectual steps should be made before taking up the patient for transurethral resection of the prostate. How to cite Transurethral Resection Of The Prostate Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Implication of Tax and its Treatments

Questions: Mr Tom Crane, the president of Australian Crane Mining Enterprises (ACME), informed you that ACME has an accounting profit before tax (PBT) of $550,000, the corporate tax rate is 30 percent, and (during the tax year) WCIL experienced and journalised the following items:i. Goodwill was found to be impaired and was written down by $50,000.ii. During the year, the CIL sales people spent $35,000 entertaining customers.iii. A $240,000 fine for unlawful environmental degradation after one of its tailings-pond dam broke and contaminated sensitive wetlands with slurry.iv. Payments of $50,000 to lawyers who represented ACME in an unsuccessful court challenge of the above fine.v. Prepaid rent of $200,000 was paid for a new warehouse that will be used in the following tax year.vi. Dividends of $45,000 were paid to common shareholders.vii. An accounting depreciation expense of $100,000 and for tax purposes will claim depreciation of $180,000.viii. An accounting Warranty Expense of $300,000 and a ctual payouts for warranty costs of $280,000.ix. Long service leave payments of $335,000 and accruals of $240,000x. The Bad Debt Expense for accounting purposes was $83,000 and during the year $63,000 in Accounts Receivable (A/R) was written-off.Required:In Good memo form provide Mr Tom Crane with the:a) Income Tax Expense and show the workings.b) Income Tax Payable and show the workings.c) Difference between the Income Tax Expense and the Income Tax Payable say what it is called and discuss whether its attributes the same as any other asset/(liability)? Answers: Date: 28th January 2015 To: Mr. Tom Crane From: John Dell, CPA Subject: Re: Implication of Tax and its treatments Context: We have provided you the consequences regarding tax that you will come across in your query. Respected Sir, We received you queries dated 26th January 2015. We are glad to inform you the tax consequences of the same. The first part is regarding the income tax expenses along with the workings. The calculations are done as follows A) Particulars Note No. Amount Amount Accounting Profit Before Tax $5,50,000.00 Add Inadmissible Expense Goodwill 1 - Entertainment Expense 2 - Fine for environmental degradation 3 $2,40,000.00 Payment to lawyer 4 $50,000.00 Dividend 5 - Depreciation provided in Books 6 $1,00,000.00 Warranty Provision 7 $3,00,000.00 $6,90,000.00 Less Admissible Expense Depreciation as per Tax 8 $1,80,000.00 Warranty Expense 9 $2,80,000.00 Prepaid Rent 10 $2,00,000.00 Additional Bad Debt expenses 11 $20,000.00 $6,80,000.00 Net Profit for tax purpose $5,60,000.00 Tax @ 30% $1,68,000.00 Profit After Tax $3,92,000.00 Notes to account 1. Impairment expense is allowed as a deduction from the income tax. Impairment of an asset takes place when the value of an asset be it tangible or intangible falls below the value stated in the books of accounts than we can say that the asset has been impaired. The impairment loss i.e. the difference between book value and the market value is charged to profit and loss account. This expense is allowable for tax purpose.2. Entertainment expense for the customers is allowable for tax purpose. Such expense was incurred for business purpose. After such expense some customers will become loyal. So such expense is allowable for tax purpose 3. $240000 was paid as a fine for unlawful environmental degradation after one of its tailings- pond dam broke and contaminated sensitive wetlands with slurry. Any expense in nature if fine is not allowed for tax purpose. Such expense are illegal in nature so it is added back to the profit before tax4. The payment made of $50,000 to lawyers who represe nted ACME in an unsuccessful court challenge of the above fine is also not allowed as expenditure to be deducted from profit for tax purpose. Payment of fine for illegal activities is not allowed. Apart from that the expense incurred in relation with illegal expenditure is also not allowed. In case if the 5. Dividend expense is not tax deductible. Tax is paid separately on dividends6. Depreciation provided in the books is added but depreciation as per income tax is allowed to be deducted from profit and loss account7. All kinds of provisions are not allowed as per the provision for income tax. The actual expense is allowed as per income tax.8. Prepaid rent is paid for more than one year and whole of the expense is claimed as a deduction from the profit. So it is added back9. The additional bad debt is claimed as a deduction.In the next part you have asked to show you the income tax payable. We would like to inform you that the income tax expense is different from income tax payable because of the timing difference. The company is required to follow the provision of Minimum Alternate Tax wherein there is a difference between profits as per accounts and profit as per tax. The company has to calculate the tax liability as per both the methods and has to pay tax on whichever is higher from the above two.The income tax payable expense is calculated as follows B) Particulars Note No. Amount Amount Accounting Profit Before Tax $5,50,000.00 Add Inadmissible Expense Goodwill - Entertainment Expense - Fine for environmental degradation $2,40,000.00 Payment to lawyer $50,000.00 Dividend - Depreciation provided in Books $1,00,000.00 Warranty Provision $3,00,000.00 $6,90,000.00 Less Admissible Expense Depreciation as per Tax $1,80,000.00 Warranty Expense $2,80,000.00 Prepaid Rent $2,00,000.00 Additional Bad Debt expense $20,000.00 $6,80,000.00 Net Profit for tax purpose $5,60,000.00 Add Temporary differences Depreciation Note 1 $80,000.00 Warranty Provision Note 2 -$20,000.00 Prepaid Rent Note 3 -$20,000.00 $6,00,000.00 Tax @ 30% $1,80,000.00 Income tax payable $180000 Note 1: There is a difference between depreciation expense claimed in the books and the depreciation expense as per income tax. This creates deferred tax asset as the company will be benefitted in future by paying higher tax in the current year. Note 2: Provision for warranty is not allowed as per income tax but has been claimed in books. This creates deferred tax asset as the company will be benefitted in future by paying higher tax in the current year Note 3: Prepaid Rent is the expense of future year and is charged to current year. This creates deferred tax asset as the company will be benefitted in future by paying higher tax in the current year In the final part you asked us the difference between Income tax expense and Income tax payable. C) There is a difference between income tax payable and income tax expense. Income tax payable includes deferred tax and future tax expense. A deferred tax asset A deferred tax asset shall be recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary difference can be utilised, unless the deferred tax asset arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination; and at the time of the transaction, affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit tax loss Whereas the income tax expense as per the income tax assessment act only those expenses are allowable which are stated under the act. Conclusion Profit after tax is $392000 where as income tax payable is $180000. There is a difference between income tax payable and tax as per profit. The reason for such difference is due to the fact that as per the income tax assessment act only those expenses are allowable which are stated under the act. References Income Taxes, 2013, AASB 112, viewed on 27th January 2015 available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB112_07-04_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf Blind Freddy, 2012, Common errors while applying AASB 112 viewed on 27th January 2015 available at https://www.bdo.com.au/resources/newsletters/accounting-news/accounting-news,-september-2012/blind-freddy-continued-common-errors-when-applying-aasb-112-income-taxes Australian Government ComLaw, AASB 112 Income Taxes July 2004, viewed on 27th January 2015 available at https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2012C00154

Friday, November 29, 2019

A Brave New World. Aldous Huxley. 81932, 1946 Aldous Huxley. HarperCol

A Brave New World. Aldous Huxley. 81932, 1946 Aldous Huxley. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. NY,NY. 10022 . P 1 AA squat grey building of only thirty-four stories. Over the main entrance the words, CENTRAL LONDON HATCHERY AND CONDITIONING CENTRE, and, in a shield, the World State=s motto, COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, [emailprotected] Here is a document I found on the web which helped me (embedded as an OLE object) : P 13 ANothing like oxygen-shortage for keeping an embryo below [emailprotected] AThe lower the caste . . . the shorter the [emailprotected] P 19 AThey hurried out of the room and returned in a minute or two, each pushing a kind of tall dumb-waiter laden, on all its four wire-netted shelves, with eight-month-old babies, all exactly alike (a Bokanovsky Group, it was evident) and all (since their caste was Delta) dressed in [emailprotected] P 20 AThe screaming of the babies suddenly changed its tone. There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave [emailprotected] - Pavlovian conditioning room with babies, roses, and books. P 28 ANot so much like drops of water, though water, it is true, can wear holes in the hardest granite; rather, drops of liquid sealing-wax, drops that adhere, incrust, incorporate themselves with what they fall on, till finally the rock is all one scarlet [emailprotected] P 31 AWhat=s your [emailprotected] APolly [emailprotected] P 36 AHome, home - a few small rooms, stiflingly over-inhabited by a man, by a periodically teeming woman, by a rabble of boys and girls of all ages. No air, no space; an unsterilized prison; darkness, disease, and [emailprotected] P 41 AThe madness is [emailprotected] P 41 AMother, monogamy, romance. High spurts the fountain; fierce and foamy the wild jet. The urge has but a single outlet. My love, my baby. No wonder these poor pre-moderns were mad and wicked and miserable. Their world didn=t allow them to take things easily, didn=t allow them to be sane, virtuous, happy . . . they were forced to feel strongly (and strongly, what was more, in solitude, in hopelessly individual isolation), how could they be [emailprotected] P 46 AThere was something called liberalism. Parliament, if you know what that was, passed a law against it. The records survive. Speeches about liberty of the subject. Liberty to be inefficient and miserable. Freedom to be a round peg in a square [emailprotected] P 53 AThere was a thing called Heaven; but all the same they used to drink enormous quantities of [emailprotected] P 54 AWhat you need is a gramme of [emailprotected] AAll the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their [emailprotected] P 67 AThis Escalator-Squash champion, this indefatigable lover, (it was said that he had had six hundred and forty different girls in under four years), this admirable committee man and best mixer had realized quite suddenly that sport, women, communal activities were only, so far as he was concerned, second [emailprotected] P 77 AFive-stepping with the other four hundred round and round Westminister Abbey, Lenina and Henry were yet dancing in another world - the warm, the richly coloured the infinitely friendly world of [emailprotected] P 79 AThe great auditorium for Ford=s Day celebrations and other massed community sings was at the bottom of the [emailprotected] This parallels the minutes hate of 1984. P 81 AAgain twelve stanzas. By this time the soma had begun to work. Eyes shone, cheeks were flushed, the inner light of universal benevolence broke out on every face in happy, friendly smiles. P 84 AFeeling that it was time for him to do something, Bernard also jumped up and shouted: AI hear him; He=s [emailprotected] But it wasn=t true. He heard nothing and, for him, nobody was [emailprotected] P 115 ASlowly, the boy began to walk round the writhing heap of snakes. He had completed the first circuit and was half-way through the second when, from among the dancers, a tall man wearing the mask of a coyote and holding in his hand a whip of plaited leather, advanced towards him. The boy moved on as though unaware of the other=s existence. The coyote-man raised his whip; there was a long moment of expectancy, then a swift movement, the whistle of the lash and its loud flat-sounding impact on the flesh.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Carlson Companies

Carlson Companies Carlson Companies comprise of a set of organizations that deal in travel, hospitality and marketing fields. It aims at serving both large companies and customers through the above-mentioned groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Carlson Companies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carlson Companies resolve the complicated ways of handling large corporations and clients through their efficient team that oversees such problems. For instance, there are Carlson Wagonlit Travel and Carlson Leisure travel services. In this essay, we are going to look at the various hospitality ventures it offers, the brand names of its companies and their details. There are several hospitality ventures offered by Carlson Companies. For example, it focuses on the comfort of its customers through luxurious facilities and other first rate services. In addition, the Carlson Companies have powerful and efficient delivery systems that are able to serve its wide world customers found in more than 69 countries. Furthermore, the Carlson Companies have a client-focused strategy that only concentrates on the significance of its customers, which also works as the basis of their business model. Apart from the comfort of its clients and efficient delivery systems, the Carlson Companies also inject new ideas through creative ventures that favor its customers and clients. In order to maximize profits and boost sales, the company conducts evaluation of their various operations, which aim at establishing global brands. On the other hand, Carlson Companies are divided into different sets that serve clients and corporations efficiently. For example, the Carlson Marketing Company acts as a world agency that serves leading organizations that intend to establish lasting contacts with their customers. The marketing company also engages in creative and persuasive ideas that aim at serving both global corporations and customers spread in the d ifferent parts of the globe. In addition, the marketing companies of Carlson build world brands through calculated measurements that boost sales and maximize on profits. Furthermore, there is Carlson Wagonlit travel that dedicates its various activities to different cities across the globe. For, instance, the Wagonlit travel involves itself in planning and reservation for their global clients through traveler support services. In addition, it facilitates conferences or meetings that involve groups or individuals interested in using their facilities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Wagonlit Companies also ensures the information provided by its customers is secure through their data integrity and intelligence centers. This branch of Carlson companies also participates in strategic procurement of services that aim at serving their clients on time. Additionally, t he Wagonlit travel engages in constructive assessment of the current travel activities through proper management to cut costs. The Wagonlit companies also help organizations in marketing their tourism services around the world to reach out to all their customers. Carlson Wagonlit travels offer these services assisted by its braches such as the Carlson leisure travel services and Carlson vacation and Business travel services. In conclusion, Carlson Companies as a global agency with about 959 properties scattered across 69 countries should be recommended for global customers. The services offered by Carlson Companies such as marketing, efficient delivery systems and creative methods of attending to different organizations and clients across the globe give it an edge over other companies. Finally, the various subdivisions of Carlson Companies such as the travel, hospitality and marketing areas is key in putting their clients first in the form of world class services.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Personal Philosophy of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Philosophy of Life - Essay Example Talking about true wisdom as the final destination to reach, what is actually true wisdom? For me, I believe that true wisdom is the ultimate knowledge which stays in perfect balance with the basic moral principle. Knowledge without morality is not wisdom, just cold ignorance. Is a man who knows how to destroy the world wise? He is, only if he chooses not to use that knowledge. Morality without knowledge is not wisdom either but blind foolishness. In a war or in wilderness, is a man who doesn’t want to kill wise? Unless he knows how to survive without killing, he is a dead man not a wise one. My ideal true wisdom might seem to be distant destination which can never be attainable. However, in a lesser degree, true wisdom is achievable in daily life. The first main point of the wisdom is balance. Thus, as long as the knowledge that we acquire and apply lies in harmony with the moral principle we value, we attain the lesser true wisdom†¦ for the time being. The next main point is progress. Once we stop trying to reach the ultimate true wisdom, the lesser wisdom we have will quickly fade away. To keep in direct contact with true wisdom, we need to gain more and more knowledge while basic moral values take the role as the safety measurement. Putting it in more systematical order, here are some steps we need to do to keep the wisdom within our grasp. First, we need to honestly realize what we don’t know. After that, we should allow our mind open to new ideas. Then, filtering these ideas using logic and moral principle should be our immediate task. Any idea which is not in harmony with the moral values we believe in should be stored away or even discarded from our mind. Finally, we need to put the acceptable knowledge into practice. If this new knowledge works well without significant ethical conflict, we should apply it either for personal gain or society’s benefit. Well, the path of wisdom does not end here though. We need to keep repeating the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Summary What Leaders Really Do) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary What Leaders Really Do) - Assignment Example An organization cannot run in the expected manner if those working under the leader do not receive direction to follow. This direction is very essential in bringing about the desired changes, which is why leaders ought to be on their toes so that these goals can be attained; to help an organization be able to cope as they struggle through it. Leaders do not have to produce a detailed plan on what is to be done, setting direction is the main aspect they are supposed to deal with and leave the rest to the management. There is nothing fascinating about leadership, but the fact that they develop visions that make way for changes, and work towards achieving them. For these changes to get realized, it is necessary that leaders with outstanding competence are selected and exposed so that they can come out with strong leadership. It is however useless having strong leaders with management that is weak, as performance will still be low. An example of visionary leadership that is set to bring about changes in an organization is that American Express at the time it was receiving a lot of competition from other companies that came up with cards to compete with them. Competition is known to hinder growth of a company and being the visionary leader he was, he decided to come up with a scheme that would put the company at its feet again; which was through asking of fundamental questions on economics, market and competition so that he could develop a perfect understanding of the business. It is the above that a leader should do as his dedication made him save the company. In aligning of people, communication is very important, and it is best that leaders be good at it. These challenges are in trying to get people understand a new or alternative vision to be implemented as well as having the people one is dealing with believe the message being put across. Alignment leads to empowerment, which ends up reducing on

Monday, November 18, 2019

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Memo - Essay Example We have taken this step to increase employee specialization in a particular field and to increase productivity. Employees will even be able to connect with people from different backgrounds and cultures; this will help in developing employees’ interpersonal skills. Communication Language – we have decided to make English as our official language as English language is the world’s third most extensively vocal language. In order to compete globally we need to understand people all over the world and English is the most extensively spoken language. This measure will even help employees from different countries interact with each other and work in teams. SAP took this step to eliminate language barriers and the company will be able to understand the needs of our consumers and work to benefit the consumers. Managers – SAP has hired from different nations as these managers will us develop software according to the needs of the customers. These managers will identify software needs of different customers located in different regions and help us in creating customer friendly software. I am grateful to new and old employees for the commitment and hard work they have shown over the years. We want all our employees to support us in attaining our objective of competing globally. We want our employees to give inputs regarding the training required to implement the change and the difficulties they are facing due to these changes. SAP wants all the employees to meet us in a conference scheduled for 4 April 2010 at 14:00 hours in the conference room number 3. SAP and employees will discuss and analyze the views of our employees in this

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Social Inclusion Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay

Social Inclusion Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay I am a student of the HNC in Social Care and I work with an organisation that promotes social inclusion of Adults with Learning Disabilities with social support through group work and one to one befriending. Throughout this paper I shall also refer to our service participant as Dan and our service as the Group. This is not the real name of our client or our group. By doing this I am complying with our organisations policy of confidentiality. This policy was designed to conform to the (ref 1) Data Protection Act of 1998. This Act ensures client confidentiality, that any information written about a client is accurate, truthful and any opinions are objective, substantiated by factual evidence. The Act also allows the individual to make a formal application to see the information held on them by the Group. To complete this piece of work I have assessed Dan`s needs and planned out a piece of work which has addressed an identified need. I read his existing activity plan as a starting point as it had his medical information included, this allowed me to update the information at Dan`s assessment. This first assessment had been done by my manager a few months ago and so I discussed Dan`s case with her before I met with him. Our activity plans are flexible allowing for the changing needs of our clients. The task undertaken also complied with our organisations constitution which concentrates on social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities. The assessment of needs is the first stage in the care planning process. Our organisation takes a person centred planning approach. A person centred care plan is devised to empower people, to support their social inclusion, and to ensure people are not devalued within society. It was necessary for me to listen to what my client needed, to differentiate his needs from his wants and to ensure that I could take action to deliver a positive outcome. A need is something he has to have as opposed to a want which is something he would like to have. Assessing a person for needs is the method of collecting information, recording the information and interpreting the information. The assessment took place at our office just after his one to one art session as he was comfortable and felt safe here. Under (Ref 2) the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 Dan has a right to feel safe and secure. I did a Risk Assessment of our areas which complied with the (Ref 3)Health and Safety at work Act 1974. It was important for me to continue gaining his trust and use good communication skills. I used the SOLER technique which had us both sitting squarely facing one another showing that I was being involved, I had an open posture implying that I was non defensive, I leaned forward slightly showing a personal interest, I had regular eye contact also conveying an interest in Dan and I had a relaxed manner. I used active listening which involved me trying to understand the real issues affecting Dan and had a meaningful conversation with him. Our meeting was timed to last no longer than twenty minutes as his attention span can be short if he is bored. I ensured that board maker signs and visual aids where available, to direct his attention if he did get bored. I used both open and closed questions which allowed me to get factual answers from the closed questions and his opinions and feelings from open questions. I observed his behaviour at all times and I spoke to him in a way he understood. I wrote the information collected in a concise manner in the form stated in our organisations policy and procedures. As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an assessment of needs and an individualised care plan, the form I used was called the Activity Plan. The Care commission was set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. During our meeting I was conscious that I had to explain the care planning process to Dan, and I used the visual aids when necessary. Dan was born in 1949 into a society that had introduced the IQ test in 1930, whereby those scoring low had been considered mentally defective. By 1946 and the introduction of the NHS, this term was changed to mentally handicapped and so required treatment in institutions. Dan was considered as being in this category. There is no generally acknowledged definition of a learning disability and there is a continued argument of the definition. However, there are certain features that are agreed upon. Those with a learning disability have difficulties with educational success and growth. An uneven pattern of their human development is noticeable i.e. physical, perceptual, educational and language developments..(Ref 4) The (Ref5)NHS and Community Care Act of 1990 implemented in 1993 and (Ref6)the Human Rights Act of 1998., saw the closure of these institutions. This saw the movement of adults with learning disabilities out of institutions into being cared for in the community, either by their own families or in small supported housing being cared for by the voluntary sector. The Same as You strategy of 2000(Ref 7) by the Scottish executive is committed to providing fairness, equality and social inclusion for adults with learning disabilities. As a result of this strategy the local community set up the Group to provide socialisation to help with social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities through one to one befriending and group activities. Dan lived within a nuclear family unit where he was given the basic human requirements of food, shelter, clothing, love and socialisation to live until the age of 6. He was born into a society where it was common for young children with learning disabilities especially those with Downs Syndrome to be institutionalised. There was also a social stigma assigned to those with learning and physical disabilities. Dans family insisted in caring for him at home until school age, but his educational needs where not met. He also suffers from anxiety attacks which his father says he developed at the age if six, when taken into the car for the first time. He reacted by lashing out and pulling hair. The anxiety attacks were given by his father as an excuse for Dan`s disruptive behaviour. His behaviour was tempered by his mother, who had to be consistently by his side cuddling him and holding his hand during his anxious moments. His parents did everything for him, until he was institutionalised. Here, he grew up where privacy, choice, dignity where lacking and he was not allowed to take risks. Life skills, education and road work where not given. More often than not in the past, these patients where drugged if they showed any signs of disruptive behaviour. Being locked up living in Nightingale wards with communal living and toilets may have also contributed to his anxiety attacks. These anxiety attacks still causes Dan to behave in a challenging manner if he feels hemmed in, especially in crowded places with no obvious means of escape. After 1995, when government strategies of closing large institutions were implemented through the(Ref8) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and its amendments of 2003 Dan was given a home within supported accommodation as his father was elderly. Dan did not like to go out unless his father was with him and tended not to interact with anyone when introduced. His anxiety attacks causes him to be agitated when his routines change. He finds it difficult to make choices unless they are limited and is not keen on trying anything new. He is unable to read or write, he has no life skills e.g unable to make a cup of tea, make a slice of toast, shop or clean his home, he is unable to cross the road without help. The physical developmental stage Dan has reached is that of an adult but the emotional stage is that of childhood between 2-12 years of age, probably nearer the age of seven or eight. He has been living out with the large institution for six years now but has not learned to change his behaviour accordingly. This may be as a result of being told by his support workers that he cannot do certain things as they deem certain activities to be a risk. Staffing problems also contribute to the lack of his change in behaviour as time constraints in helping Dan learn new skills are often given as an excuse for staff not being able to assist Dan attempt new things. So, I believe he is still institutionalised although he lives in smaller community shared accommodation. He was given no choice as to where he would live, who he would be sharing with or who would be supporting him. With the help of his family, before being institutionalised he was able to meet the bottom three stages as seen in Maslow`s hierarchy of needs pyramid. (Ref9) Abraham Maslow was a humanist psychologist who developed this model between the 1940s and 1950`s. He stated that human needs can be arranged in a step ladder pyramid and that the lower level needs must be satisfied before higher levels can be met. This model consisted of eight stages. He stated that we are all motivated by need as evolved over thousands of years. He stated that we must satisfy these needs in turn, starting with the first. The first need is the physiological need which is e.g having food, oxygen, water, etc, the needs to allow our bodies to survive. The second need is that of physiological and physical security, whereby there is protection from possible hazardous circumstances and objects. The third need is belonging and love, which is being part of a group of family and friends in a loving situation with trust acceptance and affection. The fourth need is esteem which is respect of self and others. The fifth need is self actualisation which is realising personal potential. The fifth need is Cognitive needs with knowledge and understanding. The sixth need is Aesthetic needs which is the appreciation of symmetry, beauty, order and form. The seventh need is self- actulisation which is realising ones full potential and the eighth need is transcendence which is helping others to fulfil their potential. Dan, as functionalist sociologist (Ref10) Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) argued, will have gained his primary socialisation and emotional stability within a nuclear family of two parents, a mother and father, plus his siblings. Primary socialisation can be defined as a means by which the norms and values of society are taught to children and they learn to accept these values within the family. The functionalist sociologists believe that society can be compared to a living body, with different organs (institutions) having different functions yet all working together to keep the body (society) alive.They consider the family to be a small version of society which operates as a social, economic and emotional unit. The conflict theorist believe that society is separated into two classes, with the bourgeoisie and the proletariat who are at odds with one another. The family, conflict theorists state is just another social institutions which contribute to the acceptance of social inequality. Every member takes difference roles at certain times in the family life cycle and conflict happens within the family when a person challenges those roles, e.g teenagers challenging parental authority. Dan lived in an institution from the age of six so his secondary socialisation was to learn to live within the confines of the institution. This socialisation would have been radically different from a family situation. (ref11) Research showed that concerns grew about the care given by institutions quality of care provided by these institutions in terms of gross physical deprivation (overcrowding, poor food, clothing and environment), abuse (ill-treatment, theft of possessions and over-use of medication and restraint) and neglect and inactivity (lack of care, lack of contact and stimulation and extensive periods of disengagement and isolation staff and client interaction and engagement in meaningful activities would have been poor . As a result, no chances where available to allow Dan to move to the next level of Maslows Pyramid of Needs of self esteem. (Ref 12) Dan was the youngest member of the family and so according to Alfred Adler this would have affected the type of personality that he would develop later on in life. The youngest are known to get their own way and to have a stronger parent bond, which Dan did Have as he was overprotected and indulged before hospitalisation. But, this cocooning can also be claustrophobic. But, by being institutionalised, according to Erikson, his environment would also have affected Dan`s development and have had an impact on his behaviour . The behaviour Dan often displays can be explained by the behaviourist theory, which was named (Ref 13)Learned Helplessness. While experimenting on dogs using Pavlov`s theory of Classical Conditioning, which shows links between the stimulus and the response. Seligman discovered that learned behaviour is a results of the belief that the person`s actions are futile. People who have lived in Institutions have learned not to expect to have any control over their lives. Behaviourist theorists believe that if behaviour is learned, then it can be unlearned. Lev Vygotsky and Russian cognitive psychologist believed that development was guided by culture and interpersonal communication with significant adults. Being institutionalised will have reduced Dan`s chances of having regular important communication with a significant adult. Vygotsky stated that to learn a range of tasks that are too difficult on their own, a child must be shown or guided by someone who is more knowledgeable. This became known as the Zone of proximal development. This assumes that the child has the ability to memorise and the capacity to recall the learned experience. This is not always possible in some with a learning disability. In the care setting where Dan spent his life, the chances of a child being challenged to learn new skills would have been diminished or non- existent. Vygotsky was the first to observe that social isolation caused a delay in both social and cognitive development. The anxiety attacks Dan suffers from can also be explained via Operant Conditioning suggested by B.F.Skinner (1953). Operant Conditioning is where behaviour is followed by a consequence. His behaviour of lashing out when he is anxious is a result of positive reinforcement where initially this bad behaviour was rewarded by receiving physical and emotional contact from his mother before institutionalisation and later attention from nursing staff in the institution. Positive reinforcement is where the consequence is a positive outcome. Now, Dan`s support staff try to ensure that Dan does not come into a situation that may make him anxious. After the death of his elderly mother Dan relied totally on his elderly father for any continued socialisation, as his siblings had long left home to set up their own family life. (stats to be put in) His father feared Dan would become isolated, especially as his father was becoming less able to take Dan out. Dan was introduced to join the Group by his father in an attempt to introduce him to new friends, increase his confidence and improve his self esteem. His time at the group has seen his confidence increase. After moving out into the community, Dan was rather introverted and shy and would only go out in the company of his father. This concerned his ninety year old father greatly, and so his father came to our organisation in the hope that we could increase Dan`s social circle. Dan was assessed by being asked a number of questions using PIES to establish what his Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social needs were. This information was put into his activity plan which we use instead of a Care Plan. As under the NHS and Community Care (Scotland) Act 1990 everyone is entitled to a care plan. Dan will have such a plan set up by the social work department. To increase his social circle as requested by his father, we included him in a number of activities which has expanded his scope of social activity and made him less isolated. Dan`s physical needs are met by social services, but his intellectual needs of mental stimulation, his emotional needs of needing to increase his self esteem and his social needs of social interaction require attention. Dan has already improved his social skills through art by now communicating well with our staff and is keen to take his work home to show to his family and carers. His father has commented on how the communication skills of Dan have improved and his confidence has increased. Remembering Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs, I had assessed that Dan would benefit from reaching the fourth stage Esteem Needs. I felt an activity that would help to improve his confidence, his communication skills and make him less anxious in a large group situation would be beneficial. I spoke to him and observed him answer my questions .One of my questions gave him a choice of activities to try, I found that the activity he was most interested in was art. I mentor both at the art group and on an individual basis, which helps adults with learning disabilities gain new skills, gain confidence, improve self esteem, socialisation and self actualisation through creativity. Carl Gustav Jung a Swiss psychiatrist B.1875 to D. 1961 encouraged patients to use art to convey their unconscious emotions. He stated that (Ref14) drawing, painting, and modeling can be used to bring unconscious material to light. Once a series has become dramatic, it can easily pass over into the auditive or linguistic sphere and give rise to dialogues and the like. (1941) My aim was to try to put coping mechanisms in place to allow him to be able to take part in the graded unit activity which was to allow him to create a work of art and to exhibit at our Malawi Awareness Evening, which we expected to be busy. This activity is to take place some weeks away so it was important for me to arrange new art activities over a period of time, to allow him to gain confidence in being part of a large group. My goal through these activities was to allow Dan the chance to increase his confidence and communication skills and to develop coping mechanisms to allow him to deal with his fear of large groups. I have used the (Ref 7) task-centred model in planning this exercise; this is a short-term problem solving approach over a short period. This had five phases- Problem Identification (assessment), Agreement, Planning goals, Achieving Tasks and Evaluation. Here, the client takes concrete action to solve the problem. The Initial interview or phase allowed Dan to express his need to have more confidence when in a room with more people in order to be able to enjoy more activities. He wanted to complete a painting and to be present at its exhibition. To achieve these goals, we agreed on the steps and tasks t hat allowed Dan to attain his goal. We emphasised the tasks that were required to be completed to allow Dan to exhibit his work of art and agree on timescales for the tasks. Other interviews will took place to ensure that we were on track and that Dan felt safe and confident doing the agreed tasks. With Dan`s agreement we decided to have an hourly one to one befriending art session of three one hour sessions per week over four weeks and to increase these sessions to become a group session. To do this I needed to slowly introduce more and more people to the group. These were other service users, staff and volunteers. With agreement of everyone involved I brought people in one at a time each session. I did this by giving each individual a date and time to join us at the Group premises. I hoped that by the end of the four weeks he would be able to sit in a room happily with at least twelve noisy people. He had to have a positive experience and to have a positive association with the group. Dan enjoyed a regular cup of tea and a chocolate biscuit, so I introduced this positive experience to him in the group setting while he was painting. I ensured he sat facing the door and informed him that he was able to leave the room at any time. I sat him at the end of the table to ensure that he did not feel hemmed in.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Communication Self-Analysis :: Communication

1. I just started working at a clothing store, and it was a great way for me to engage in new conversations and identify the elements that go into interpersonal communication. An essential to this conversation was that she was willing to take her time to get to know me and teach me how to do things, and I was able to listen. The following contexts existed in my conversation with a fellow girl coworker. The physical dimension was that we were at our workplace where it is dimly lit, there wasn’t a lot of people around, and we were surrounded by clothing. The temporal dimension was that it was nighttime when we were working so we were both tired, and I was a new employee whereas she had been working here for a long time and had more experience then I did. That also goes along with the social-psychological dimension in that we had a new relationship, she was in a higher rank then I was in our work, and the situation was friendly and easy going since we were just beginning to know each other. The cultural dimension came into play in that she is originally from Texas and I am from Utah. When she talked she had a slight southern accent and would use slang words like â€Å"ya’ll†, words that I usually don’t use. Noise had a big impact on the conversation as well. There was much physical noise around us from the loud music playing in the store, the sound of people walking the mall, the music playing in the mall, and other conversations going on around us. There wasn’t any obvious physiological noise, but there was psychological noise going on with myself as I wasn’t so focused on what she was saying and more worried about if I was doing my job right and in making a good first impression. Also, it was my first time meeting this person so I tried hard not to make any preconceived ideas about the girl. Semantic noise was the southern accent the girl had. When speaking to this girl I did realized how context and noise can influence the way a conversation goes. 2. One of my roommates just got a new boyfriend, and from the moment I met him my perception process told me that I wouldn‘t like this guy. The first thing I noticed about him was that he reeked of smoke and alcohol.